nTiO₂ 5 nm

Shoot FW*

(g)

Shoot DW*

(g)

Plant height

(cm)

Leaf number/ plant

Leaf area

(cm²)

Control

43.6 ± 12.0

2.9 ± 0.8

20.5 ± 1.7

8.6 ± 1.1

636 ± 158.8

5 mg/L

42.3 ± 2.0

3.8 ± 0.5

21.7 ± 2.8

10.2 ± 0.4

674 ± 191.1

10 mg/L

47.8 ± 12.5

4.5 ± 1.6

22.2 ± 3.7

12.8 ± 2.3*

812 ± 131.7

50 mg/L

45.2 ± 9.9

3.6 ± 0.9

26.2 ± 4.7

11.4 ± 2.0

606 ± 89.5

100 mg/L

38.0 ± 5.9

3.9 ± 0.6

22.2 ± 3.7

11.2 ± 1.7

601 ± 97.9

150 mg/L

54.8 ± 9.6

4.9 ± 1.1

25.0 ± 4.8

13.8 ± 2.4*

796 ± 109.0

p-value

0.278

0.067

0.174

0.003

0.063