Water value chain

Energy requirements kWh/m³

Stage

Process

Energy range/(average)

1) Groundwater

Pumping

0.764

2) Desalination

MSF

41.5

MED

39.5

RO

7.4

Transmission

0.87

3) Wastewater treatment

Primary

0.255 - 0.258 (0.56)

Secondary

0.362

Tertiary

0.314 - 0.75 (0.532)

Energy production (electricity)

0.125 m³/kWh