| Water value chain |
Energy requirements kWh/m3 |
|
| Stage |
Process |
Energy range/(average) |
| 1) Groundwater |
Pumping |
0.764 |
| 2) Desalination |
MSF |
41.5 |
| MED |
39.5 |
|
| RO |
7.4 |
|
| Transmission |
0.87 |
|
| 3) Wastewater treatment |
Primary |
0.255 - 0.258 (0.56) |
| Secondary |
0.362 |
|
| Tertiary |
0.314 - 0.75 (0.532) |
|
| Energy production (electricity) |
0.125 m3/kWh |
|