Null Hypothesis:

Obs.

F-Statistic

Prob.

DLNEX does not Grainger Cause DLNPPI

93

0.2

0.79

DLNPPI does not Grainger Cause DLNEX

2.7

0.07

DLNER does not Grainger Cause DLNPPI

93

3.5

0.03

DLNPPI does not Grainger Cause DLNER

0.7

0.52

DLNER does not Grainger Cause DLNEX

93

0.2

0.82

DLNEX does not Grainger Cause DLNER

0.2

0.80