Graphene-based catalysts | Description | Effects and advantages |
Graphene oxide (GO) | Active sites for catalysis are oxygen-containing functional groups. | Improves catalytic efficiency because of the presence of functional groups. |
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) | By removing oxygen groups, reducing GO results in an improvement in electrical conductivity and catalytic activity. | The electrical conductivity and catalytic activity are both improved. |
Graphene nanocomposites | Hybrid structures are formed when graphene is combined with metals, metal oxides, or polymers, which increases catalytic activity. | Graphene’s synergistic interaction with other materials improves their catalytic efficiency. |
Nanoscale catalysts | Nanoparticle catalysts are dispersed and stabilized in a graphene matrix to reduce aggregate formation and increase activity. | Maintains catalytic efficiency and improves stability. |
Heteroatom doping | New catalytic sites are created, and the electrical structure of graphene is altered when nitrogen, Sulphur, or boron are added. | Modifies surface interactions and charge transfer to enhance catalytic activity. |