| Variable | S group (n = 37) | P group (n = 36) | D group (n = 38) | P + D group (n = 36) | p |
| Male, n (%) | 21 (56.8) | 20 (55.6) | 21 (55.3) | 19 (52.8) | 0.989 |
| Age, years | 69.1 ± 4.1 | 68.5 ± 3.6 | 68.1 ± 2.8 | 70.3 ± 4.3 | 0.053 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.7 | 24.1 ± 3.9 | 0.417 |
| Comorbidity |
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| Diabetes, n (%) | 4 (10.8) | 5 (13.9) | 4 (10.5) | 3 (8.3) | 0.901 |
| COPD, n (%) | 10 (27.0) | 9 (25.0) | 10 (26.3) | 7 (19.4) | 0.926 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 11 (29.7) | 8 (22.2) | 9 (23.7) | 11 (30.6) | 0.803 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 6 (16.2) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (10.5) | 4 (11.1) | 0.802 |
| ASA physical status ≥ III, n (%) | 9 (24.3) | 8 (22.2) | 6 (15.8) | 5 (13.9) | 0.618 |
| Medication use |
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| Aspirin, n (%) | 8 (21.6) | 8 (22.2) | 6 (15.8) | 4 (11.1) | 0.559 |
| Statin, n (%) | 9 (24.3) | 9 (25) | 7 (18.4) | 6 (16.7) | 0.765 |
| RAAS inhibitors, n (%) | 5 (13.5) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (7.9) | 2 (5.5) | 0.674 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 6 (16.2) | 5 (13.9) | 5 (13.2) | 6 (16.7) | 0.968 |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.259 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 465.1 ± 59.9 | 470.0 ± 59.6 | 448.2 ± 57.2 | 443.1 ± 39.6 | 0.109 |