| Schikowski et al. [34] | 2005 | Cross- sectional study | Germany | Adults (Women) | Distance (<100 m, ≥100 m) Pollutants measured NO2 PM10 | RS Chronic cough with phlegm Frequent cough RD COPD Chronic bronchitis | COPD and pulmonary function were strongest affected by PM10 a traffic related exposure. Women living less than 100 m from a busy road also had a significantly decreased lung function and COPD was 1.79 times more likely than for those living farther away Chronic exposure to PM10, NO2 and living near a major road might increase the risk of developing COPD and can have a detrimental effect on lung function |
| Shima et al. [35] | 2003 | Cohort study | Japan | Children (6 - 9 years) | Traffic intensity (number of vehicles/12 hours) Distance from trunk road (0 - 49 m; ≥50 m; rural area) Pollutants measured NO2 SPM SO2 | RS Bronchitis ever Chronic cough Chronic phlegm Wheeze RD Asthma | The prevalence of asthma increased with increases of air pollution. Findings suggest that traffic-related air pollution may be of a particular importance in the development of asthma among children living near major trunk roads with heavy traffic |
| McConnel et al. [36] | 2006 | Cohort study | US (Southern California) | Children (5 - 7 years) | Distance (<75 m; 75 - 150 m; 150 m - 300 m; >300 m) | RS Current wheeze RD Asthma | Residence within 75 m of a major road was associated with an increased risk of lifetime asthma |