Bowate et al. [28]

2017

Longitudinal study

(data from established cohort study)

Australia (Tasmania)

Adults (45 - 50 years)

Ÿ Distance to major road (<200 m; ≥ 200 m)

Ÿ Pollutant measured

­ NO2

Ÿ RS

­ Wheeze

Ÿ RD

­ Asthma

Ÿ Living < 200 m from a major road was associated with increased prevalence of current asthma and wheeze, and lower lung function

Ÿ Over the 5-year period, higher NO2 exposures were associated with increased asthma prevalence

Janssen et al. [29]

2003

Cross- sectional study

Netherlands

Children in classes 4 - 8 (7 - 12 years old)

Ÿ Traffic intensity

­ Truck traffic density (vehicles/ weekday)

­ Car traffic density (vehicles/ weekday)

Ÿ Distance

­ Distance schools motorways (m)

­ Distance home - motorway (m)

Ÿ Pollutants measured

­ PM2.5

­ NO2

­ Benzene

Ÿ RS

­ Wheeze

­ Asthma ever

­ Current conjunctivitis

­ Hay fever ever

­ Current itchy rash

­ Eczema ever

­ Current phlegm

­ Current bronchitis

Ÿ RD Bronchial Hyper responsiveness (BHR)

Ÿ Air pollutants that increased near motorways with high truck traffic counts

Ÿ Respiratory symptoms were increased also near motorways with high truck traffic counts.

Garshick et al. [12]

2003

Cross- sectional study

US (Southeastern Massachusetts)

Adults Male (Veterans)

Ÿ Traffic intensity (<10,000 veh/day; ≥10,000 veh/day)

Ÿ Distance from roadway (50 m; 50 - 400 m; >400 m)

Ÿ RS

­ Wheeze

­ Chronic cough

­ Chronic phlegm

Ÿ RD

­ Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)

Ÿ Men living within 50 m of a major roadway were more likely to report persistent wheeze compared with those living more than 400 m away

Ÿ The risk was observed only for those living within 50 m of heavily trafficked road (≥10,000 vehicles/24h)

Ÿ Exposure to vehicular emissions by living near busy roadways contribute to symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases in adults