Bowate et al. [28] | 2017 | Longitudinal study (data from established cohort study) | Australia (Tasmania) | Adults (45 - 50 years) | Distance to major road (<200 m; ≥ 200 m) Pollutant measured NO2 | RS Wheeze RD Asthma | Living < 200 m from a major road was associated with increased prevalence of current asthma and wheeze, and lower lung function Over the 5-year period, higher NO2 exposures were associated with increased asthma prevalence |
Janssen et al. [29] | 2003 | Cross- sectional study | Netherlands | Children in classes 4 - 8 (7 - 12 years old) | Traffic intensity Truck traffic density (vehicles/ weekday) Car traffic density (vehicles/ weekday) Distance Distance schools motorways (m) Distance home - motorway (m) Pollutants measured PM2.5 NO2 Benzene | RS Wheeze Asthma ever Current conjunctivitis Hay fever ever Current itchy rash Eczema ever Current phlegm Current bronchitis RD Bronchial Hyper responsiveness (BHR) | Air pollutants that increased near motorways with high truck traffic counts Respiratory symptoms were increased also near motorways with high truck traffic counts. |
Garshick et al. [12] | 2003 | Cross- sectional study | US (Southeastern Massachusetts) | Adults Male (Veterans) | Traffic intensity (<10,000 veh/day; ≥10,000 veh/day) Distance from roadway (50 m; 50 - 400 m; >400 m) | RS Wheeze Chronic cough Chronic phlegm RD Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) | Men living within 50 m of a major roadway were more likely to report persistent wheeze compared with those living more than 400 m away The risk was observed only for those living within 50 m of heavily trafficked road (≥10,000 vehicles/24h) Exposure to vehicular emissions by living near busy roadways contribute to symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases in adults |