| Climate induced visible effects | Short term effects | Long term effects | Possible solution | |
| Ecological biomarkers | ||||
| Mountain ecology | Polar caps quickly losing ice. De-glaciations | Avalanche, landslides, Shifting of timber line, species loss | Disappearance of glaciers, untimely floods, change in water cycle | Restoration of mountain forests and vegetation |
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| Increased rate of ice melting, stronger storms | Severe frosting, accidental floods | Loss of alpine vegetation, land slides | Reduction in global heat, |
| Forest ecology | Extra CO2 in atmosphere, Global warming | Increase in permafrost, precipitation, decrease in annual rainfall, unseasonal or early flooding. | Forest fires, inundation, species loss, unstable ground conditions reduced bearing capacity, risk of subsidence, | Heavy re-forestation, conservation of evergreen forests, protection of wild life and biodiversity research |
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| Forest loss seaward, migration landward, loss of salt marsh and salt flats | UVB radiation Morphology, productivity, recruitment, Few major effects. salinity, humidity, nutrients | Enhanced CO2, depression of night temperature, humidity loss, low photosynthesis, high respiration, productivity and species loss | Cut down fossil fuel reduction in green house gases by replacing fuels, production of green energy |
| Grassland ecology | Increase in temperature Permanently frozen soil, energy cycles and ecosystem productivity | Increased evaporation and evapo-transpiration leading to reduced water availability, reduced productivity, high costs of manures and seeds, droughts, heat stress | Salinization, eutrophication of wetlands, loss of production, flooding of agriculture areas, Destruction of crops, food shortage for people and animals | Improvement of irrigation methods, flood control, control of desertification and exotic species, use new cultivars, make moist modified grasslands |
| Marine ecology | Ocean warming Sea level rise erosion, coastal flooding | Increasing salinity, chalky corals, scorch reefs, loss of estuaries, Change in salinity through inundation, Contamination of sea water from run-off death of fish and other marine animals | Flora and fauna death Lagoon water temperature increase, shallow turbid water, inundation of low lying coastal areas and rivers, saline intrusion into ground water aquifers. | Control of dumping of wastes, power fishing, ocean over exploitation Reduction in global temperature |
| Coastal problems | Tsunami | Devastation of islands | Submergence of islands, coastal cities | Control underground nuclear tests, development of control warning systems |
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| Increased sea water temperature, Rising sea level, | Reduced productivity at low latitudes productivity and high altitude. Increase breaching and wash over events, changes in community structure | Altered ocean circulation, dispersal, Gene flow, effect on fresh water input, osmo-regulation problems due to change in salinity | Reduction in global temperature |
| Deep sea oceanic atmosphere | Light penetration Increased suspended solids. Shift in distribution of species, ocean acidification | Higher nutrients collection because of mixing of urban sewage and agricultural land surface runoff, loss of water flow, | Global, increased extreme weather, expansion of oxygen minimum zones. Body size of fish reduced. | Reduction in global temperature |
| Meteorological markers | ||||
| Weather conditions | Temperature, rainfall, pressure, humidity, sunshine and cloudiness Precipitation Wind speed, visibility | Elevated High or low, Haze and unclear sky Dust clouds and storms, Low visibility | High temperature variations, dew point temperature, Uneven rains, floods, High heat Hurricanes, No cloud or thick clouds, | Use of satellite imaging network for appropriate prediction of weather conditions |