Influential causes of dropout Causes in detail | School’s areas | Total (n = 299) | ||||
Rural (n = 149) | Urban (n = 150) | |||||
Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | |
School causes - Failure in exams (no cognitive presence in class, no value given to education, evaluation) - Punishment and insults in school - Dissatisfaction with school, (difficulty and not interested in study, bad relationship with teacher, bad infrastructure) - Academic learning too abstract (little relevant, far from real life, seems to miss the concerns of adolescents) - Inability to buy stationery and books - Unequal opportunity (weak academic aspirations) - Inadequate school climate | 11 2
1 1
2
1 1 3 | (7.50) 1.34
0.67 0.67
1.34
1.34 1.34 2.01 | 26 3
2 2
3
2 2 3 | (17.00) 2.00
1.33 1.33
2.00
1.33 1.33 2.00 | 37 5
3 3
5
3 3 6 | (12.50) 1.67
1.00 1.00
1.67
1.00 1.00 2.00 |
Family’s causes - Parental support (parent’s illiteracy, household chores, looking after the younger siblings, parents’ prohibition to go to school) - Lack of family organization (helping family, large number of children) - Instability in family (deteriorated parent-adolescent relationship, authoritarian parenting style, difficult family climate life) - Low cultural and economic capital | 30 8
7 6
9 | (20.00) 5.36
4.69 4.02
6.04 | 34 6
10 10
8 | (23.00) 4.00
6.66 6.66
5.33 | 64 14
17 16
17 | (21.50) 4.68
5.68 5.35
5.68 |
Social causes - Negative school interactions (gender discrimination in school, humiliation by friends in school) - Regional disparities - Problematic behaviors (alcoholism, drug addiction, theft, vandalism) - Persistence of social inequality - Social vulnerability (labeling, gaps in social skills) | 30 6
6 6 6 6 | (20.00) 4.02
4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 | 25 5
5 5 5 5 | (17.00) 3.33
3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 | 55 11
11 11 11 11 | (18.50) 3.67
3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 |
Economic causes - Economic insecurity and scarcity (financial constraints, professional instability of parents) - Child labor (agricultural work, engagement in seasonal job and in child labor) - Go for illegal immigration - Go for parallel trade - Rural exodus | 25 5
5 5 5 5 | (17.00) 3.35
3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 | 23 7
5 5 2 4 | (15.00) 4.66
3.33 3.33 1.33 2.66 | 48 12
10 10 7 9 | (16.00) 4.01
3.34 3.34 2.34 3.01 |
Personal causes - Low self-esteem (negative school climate, little academic commitment) - Psychological fragility (depression, dramatization, isolation) - Behavior trouble (absenteeism academic difficulties, conflicted relationships) - Cognitive deficit (lack of motivation, low concentration and attention) | 12 3 3 3 3 | (8.00) 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 | 20 5 5 5 5 | (13.00) 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 | 32 8 8 8 8 | (10.50) 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 |
Cultural causes - Little incentives for girls (early marriage for girls) - Socio-cultural inequality in terms of academic success - School culture competes with media cultures - Inconsistency of family culture and school culture - Traditional customs, beliefs and practices | 26 6 5 5 5 5 | (17.50) 4.02 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 | 15 2 4 3 3 3 | (10.00) 1.33 2.66 2.66 2.66 2.66 | 41 8 9 8 8 8 | (13.75) 2.67 3.01 2.67 2.67 2.67 |
Geographic causes - Distance (school far from home, lack of public transportation and facilities) - Harassment from school/house - Harsh weather conditions (intense rain, river, mountain forest, presence of wild animals) - Regional physical disparities | 15 6 3 3
3 | (10.00) 4.02 2.01 2.01
2.01 | 7 1 6 0
0 | (5.00) 6.66 4.00 0.00
0.00 | 22 7 9 3
3 | (7.50) 2.34 3.01 1.00
1.00 |