HTL Time (min) | C (wt%) | H (wt%) | N (wt%) | O (wt%) | S (wt%) | N/C* - | H/C* - | O/C* - | HHV (MJ/kg) | ER (%) |
Biomass | 35.1 ± 0.06 | 6.1 ± 0.00 | 5.4 ± 0.06 | 52.1 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.01 | 0.11 | 2.09 | 6.41 | 11.3 ± 0.2 | 0.0 |
15 | 60.7 ± 0.09 | 7.6 ± 0.08 | 4.5 ± 0.03 | 27.3 ± 0.14 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.06 | 1.50 | 2.69 | 26.6 ± 0.16 | 30.2 ± 0.03 |
30 | 62.7 ± 0.05 | 7.9 ± 0.04 | 3.7 ± 0.01 | 12.5 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.51 | 1.19 | 30.3 ± 0.04 | 45.7 ± 0.05 |
45 | 65.4 ± 0.04 | 8.2 ± 0.07 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 10.3 ± 0.13 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.50 | 0.94 | 32.0 ± 0.05 | 55.9 ± 0.03 |
60 | 68.6 ± 0.12 | 8.1 ± 0.06 | 2.8 ± 0.03 | 7.4 ± 0.14 | 0.45 ± 0.00 | 0.03 | 1.42 | 0.69 | 33.5 ± 0.16 | 62.6 ± 0.06 |
85 | 67.5 ± 0.03 | 7.9 ± 0.04 | 2.5 ± 0.01 | 7.0 ± 0.21 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.40 | 0.66 | 32.9 ± 0.01 | 58.0 ± 0.07 |
105 | 65.7 ± 0.03 | 7.7 ± 0.05 | 2.0 ± 0.01 | 6.5 ± 0.14 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.41 | 0.63 | 32.1 ± 0.03 | 47.8 ± 0.01 |
With MNPs |
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15 | 63.5 ± 0.13 | 7.9 ± 0.02 | 3.7 ± 0.01 | 20.6 ± 0.16 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.05 | 1.49 | 1.96 | 29.1 ± 0.05 | 41.3 ± 0.07 |
30 | 65.3 ± 0.14 | 8.3 ± 0.01 | 3.1 ± 0.11 | 10.2 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.04 | 1.53 | 0.92 | 32.2 ± 0.06 | 55.4 ± 0.03 |
45 | 68.5 ± 0.06 | 8.5 ± 0.01 | 2.4 ± 0.01 | 8.4 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.49 | 0.74 | 33.8 ± 0.04 | 66.9 ± 0.06 |
60 | 72.8 ± 0.02 | 8.4 ± 0.06 | 2.1 ± 0.01 | 6.5 ± 0.00 | 0.31 ± 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.38 | 0.58 | 35.5 ± 0.01 | 73.2 ± 0.13 |
85 | 71.5 ± 0.16 | 7.9 ± 0.03 | 1.8 ± 0.00 | 6.1 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.00 | 0.02 | 1.33 | 0.58 | 34.4 ± 0.1 | 65.9 ± 0.03 |
105 | 69.4 ± 0.17 | 7.5 ± 0.16 | 1.5 ± 0.18 | 5.5 ± 0.17 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.30 | 0.55 | 33.2 ± 0.02 | 53.2 ± 0.04 |