HTL Time (min)

C

(wt%)

H

(wt%)

N

(wt%)

O

(wt%)

S

(wt%)

N/C*

-

H/C*

-

O/C*

-

HHV

(MJ/kg)

ER

(%)

Biomass

35.1 ± 0.06

6.1 ± 0.00

5.4 ± 0.06

52.1 ± 0.03

0.60 ± 0.01

0.11

2.09

6.41

11.3 ± 0.2

0.0

15

60.7 ± 0.09

7.6 ± 0.08

4.5 ± 0.03

27.3 ± 0.14

0.58 ± 0.02

0.06

1.50

2.69

26.6 ± 0.16

30.2 ± 0.03

30

62.7 ± 0.05

7.9 ± 0.04

3.7 ± 0.01

12.5 ± 0.01

0.54 ± 0.00

0.05

1.51

1.19

30.3 ± 0.04

45.7 ± 0.05

45

65.4 ± 0.04

8.2 ± 0.07

3.2 ± 0.1

10.3 ± 0.13

0.51 ± 0.03

0.04

1.50

0.94

32.0 ± 0.05

55.9 ± 0.03

60

68.6 ± 0.12

8.1 ± 0.06

2.8 ± 0.03

7.4 ± 0.14

0.45 ± 0.00

0.03

1.42

0.69

33.5 ± 0.16

62.6 ± 0.06

85

67.5 ± 0.03

7.9 ± 0.04

2.5 ± 0.01

7.0 ± 0.21

0.40 ± 0.01

0.03

1.40

0.66

32.9 ± 0.01

58.0 ± 0.07

105

65.7 ± 0.03

7.7 ± 0.05

2.0 ± 0.01

6.5 ± 0.14

0.35 ± 0.01

0.03

1.41

0.63

32.1 ± 0.03

47.8 ± 0.01

With MNPs

15

63.5 ± 0.13

7.9 ± 0.02

3.7 ± 0.01

20.6 ± 0.16

0.5 ± 0.03

0.05

1.49

1.96

29.1 ± 0.05

41.3 ± 0.07

30

65.3 ± 0.14

8.3 ± 0.01

3.1 ± 0.11

10.2 ± 0.04

0.42 ± 0.03

0.04

1.53

0.92

32.2 ± 0.06

55.4 ± 0.03

45

68.5 ± 0.06

8.5 ± 0.01

2.4 ± 0.01

8.4 ± 0.07

0.34 ± 0.01

0.03

1.49

0.74

33.8 ± 0.04

66.9 ± 0.06

60

72.8 ± 0.02

8.4 ± 0.06

2.1 ± 0.01

6.5 ± 0.00

0.31 ± 0.00

0.02

1.38

0.58

35.5 ± 0.01

73.2 ± 0.13

85

71.5 ± 0.16

7.9 ± 0.03

1.8 ± 0.00

6.1 ± 0.01

0.25 ± 0.00

0.02

1.33

0.58

34.4 ± 0.1

65.9 ± 0.03

105

69.4 ± 0.17

7.5 ± 0.16

1.5 ± 0.18

5.5 ± 0.17

0.20 ± 0.02

0.02

1.30

0.55

33.2 ± 0.02

53.2 ± 0.04