| Approaches | Linear range (M) | Detection limit (M) | Reference |
| Electrochemistry | 5.0 × 10−11 - 9.6 × 10−8 | 1.8 × 10−11 | Wang et al. 2012 |
| Electrochemistry | 0.5 × 10−9 - 10 × 10−9 | 0.5 × 10−9 | Yanagisawa et al. 2015 |
| Immunoassay | 0.5 × 10−8 - 0.5 × 10−7 | 2.6 × 10−9 | Wu et al. 2018 |
| Colorimetric | 1 × 10−13 - 1 × 10−8 | 9.3 × 10−14 | Gao et al. 2017 |
| Fluorescence | 3.2 × 10−15 - 8.0 × 10−13 | 3.1 × 10−16 | Dadmehr et al. 2014 |
| This work | 1 × 10−15 - 1 × 10−7 | 1 × 10−17 | / |