| Type of substrates | Source |
| Natural material |
|
| Sand | Saeed and Sun [20] |
| Gravel | Calheiros, Rangel and Castro [21] |
| Clay | Calheiros, Rangel and Castro [21] |
| Calcite | Ann, Reddy and Delfino [22] |
| Marble | Arias, Del Bubba and Brix [23] |
| Vermiculite | Arias, Del Bubba and Brix [23] |
| Bentonite | Xu, Xu, Wu and Muhammad [24] |
| Dolomite | Ann, Reddy and Delfino [22] |
| Limestone | Tao and Wang [25] |
| Shell | Seo, Cho, Lee and Heo [26] |
| Shale | Saeed and Sun [20] |
| Peat | Saeed and Sun [20] |
| Wollastonite | Brooks, Rozenwald, Geohring, Lion and Steenhuis [27] |
| Maerl | Saeed and Sun [20] |
| Zeolite | Bruch, Fritsche, Bänninger, Alewella, Sendelov, Hürlimann, Hasselbach and Alewell [28] |
| Industrial by-product |
|
| Slag | Cui, Ouyang, Lou, Yang, Chen, Zhu and Luo [29] |
| Fly ash | Xu, Xu, Wu and Muhammad [24] |
| Coal cinder | Ren, Zhang, Liu and Wang [30] |
| Alum sludge | Babatunde, Zhao and Zhao [31] |
| Hollow brick crumbs | Ren, Zhang, Liu and Wang [30] |
| Moleanos limestone | Mateus, Vaz and Pinho [32] |
| Wollastonite tailings | Hill, Payne, Rogers and Kown [33] |
| Oil palm shell | Chong, Chia and Ahmad [34] |
| Artificial products |
|
| Activated carbon | Ren, Zhang, Liu and Wang [30] |
| Light weight aggregates | Saeed and Sun [20] |
| Compost | Saeed and Sun [20] |