| Author/Year | Design | N | Population | Country | Outcome (ADHD) |
| 1) Roigé-Castellví, J. (2020) [23] | Cross-sectional study | 6720 | Children from General population | Spain | Association of prenatal and perinatal factors, such as metabolic disorder in the pregnancy, difficulties in childbirth and specific family phenotype (expression of the genetic risk) with childhood ADHD |
| 2) Markussen Linnet, K. (2006) [25] | Follow-up study | 1355 | Singletons born from mothers who smoking during pregnancy | Denmark | 60% increased risk of hyperactivity in children born from mothers who smoke |
| 3) Gustavson, K. (2017) [29] | Cohort study | N > 100,000 | Children born from mothers who smoking during pregnancy | Norway | Smoking during pregnancy is an unmeasured confounding |
| 4) Parvaresh, N. (2016) [31] | Case-control study | 200 | Parents of 7 to 12 year-old children who referred to child and adolescent psychiatric clinics | Iran | A higher frequency of substance abuse, smoking, and anxiety disorders was observed among parents of children suffering from ADHD |
| 5) Rodriguez, A. (2005) [33] | Cohort study | 414 | Children born from mothers who smoking and who had stress during pregnancy | Sweden | Prenatal exposure to stress was independently associated with later symptoms of ADHD. Results are less clear for smoking |
| 6) Ronald, A. (2011) [34] | Cohort study | 2900 | Children born from mothers who had stress during pregnancy | UK | Stressful life events are associated with autistic traits as well as ADHD behaviors independently |
| 7) Pagnin, D. (2019) [40] | Cohort study | 449 | Children born from mothers who used alcohol during pregnancy | Brazil | Binge drinking at any time during pregnancy or low-moderate alcohol consumption in all trimesters of pregnancy was associated with fivefold increased odds of child ADHD |
| 8) Mick, E. (2002) [43] | Case-control study | 522 | Children born from mothers who used alcohol, drugs and smoking during pregnancy | USA | ADHD may be an additional deleterious outcome associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol independently of the association between prenatal exposure to nicotine and smoke products and other familial risk factors for the disorder |
| 9) Sagiv, S. (2013) [44] | Cohort study | 604 | Children who exposed to perinatal risk factors | USA | Low paternal education, prenatal smoking, prenatal illicit drug use, maternal depression, were associated with greater risk for ADHD |
| 10) Eilertsen, E. (2017) [46] | Cohort study | 114,247 | Children born from mothers who measured from using alcohol during pregnancy | Norway | Possibly causal association with maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, but no such effect was observed for clinical ADHD diagnosis |
| 11) Soltanifar, A. (2009) [48] | Cohort study | 50 | Mothers of children who have ADHD | Iran | The Intensity of depression and trait anxiety in mothers of ADHD children are more than the control group |