Diabetes type	Drug Class	Drugs	Mode of action	Side effects	Antiviral activity	References
Type 1 Diabetes	Insulin	Humulin Novolog Tresiba	Restoration and maintenance of β-cell function	Hypoglycemia, weight gain	No direct effect reported on ACE-2	[36] [37]
Type 1 Diabetes	Amylinomimetic drug	Pramlintide	Synthetic analogue of amylin, helps in regulation of blood glucose and inhibits glucagon secretion	Nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, headache,	No data currently available on their effect COVID-19 patients	[38]
Type 2 Diabetes	α-glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose Miglitol	competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme which hydrolyzes complex sugars into glucose in the small intestine	Diarrhea, hypoglycemia	Disrupt SARS-CoV-2 probably by interfering with S-protein folding mechanisms like N-glycosylation and calnexin pathway; may also effect ACE-2 and membrane fusion between host-virus endosomes	[39] [35] [40]
	Biguanides	Metformin (Glucophage, Metformin Hydrochloride ER, Glumetza, Riomet, Fortamet)	Reduce glucose formation in the liver, inhibit mitochondrial repiration, stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase and decreasegluconeogenesis	Gastric problems, vomiting, nausea, weakness, metallic taste in mouth may occur	Stimulation of AMPK pathway and addition of a phosphate group leads to conformational changes and deactivation of ACE-2 receptors. Also inhibits mTOR via liver kinase B1 pathway crucial to SARS-CoV-2 infection.	[30] [31] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]
	Dopamine agonists	Bromocriptine (Cycloset)	lower HbA1c, act mainly on glucose/lipid metabolism and central nervous system	Dizziness, nausea	No data currently available on their effect COVID-19 patients	[46]
	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors	Alogliptin Linagliptin Saxagliptin Sitagliptin	inhibit activity of DPP-4, an enzyme which destroys incretins, hormones that stimulate decrease in blood glucose levels	Respiratory infections, headache	Reduce entry and replication of the virus, inhibit ACE and reduce angiotensin-II, diminish cytokine secretion and reduce inflammatory markers in lungs of COVID-19 patients.	[47] [48] [49] [50]
	Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists)	Albiglutide Dulaglutide Exenatide Liraglutide Semglutide	mimicincretin and activate GLP-1 receptor	Nausea, vomiting	Suggested that they increase expression of ACE2 receptors but no evidence to date	[51] [52]
	Meglitinides	Nateglinide Repaglinide	bind to SUR1 receptor on β-cell and stimulate insulin secretion	Weight gain, hypoglycemia	No data currently available on their effect COVID-19 patients	[53]