| Immune identification technology | Serological methods such as serological ICG strip assay | Sensitive and consistent. An excellent supplementary approach in clinical application. Showing how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were minor or who were asymptomatic It can be widely adopted in the areas where the diagnostic capacity is limited. | No finding antibodies in someone with a current COVID-19 infection since antibodies may not show up for weeks. |
| POCT | Unlike nucleic acid samples, with the advantages of identification following recovery. This helps physicians to track patients who are both ill and recovered, offering a greater estimation of SARS-CoV-2 overall infections. Simple cassette-based test that works with just 10 - 20 µl of serum, plasma, or whole blood. Cost-effective, rapid, hand-held devices used to diagnose patients outside of centralized facilities. It can reduce the burden on clinical labs in locations such as community centres. To diagnosis patients without submitting samples to centralized hospitals, point-of-care tests are used to allow communities without laboratory resources to identify infected patients. Rapid antigen lateral flow assays would theoretically provide the advantage of fast time to 165 results and low-cost detection of SARS-CoV-2. Miniaturization, limited sample length, fast detection times and portability are the main benefits of using microfluidics. It does not necessarily require a trained technician to operate. | Poor sensitivity with lateral flow for influenza (Flu) viruses. It is always a challenge to balance between maximizing the sensitivity/specificity of each pathogen and the multiplexing capabilities. Probability of cross-reactivity | |
| Protein Testing | Useful for surveillance of COVID-19 | Change of viral load over the course of the infection can make viral proteins challenging to detect. Developing theoretical cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against other coronaviruses with antibodies. | |
| ELISA and GICA | Higher detection rates than nucleic acid detection. Simple, fast, and safe. The results can be used for clinical reference, and the huge clinical diagnosis and treatment pressure can be greatly relieved. | Its confirmation still depends on qRT-PCR | |
| Computed tomography | CT scan | It is essential for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis and disease severity assessment, especially in the high prevalence area of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Timely and rapid to detect lung lesions and has a high positive rate. Irreplaceable in the preliminary screening of COVID-19. Simple to perform and readily available Non-invasive and it involves taking many X-ray measurements at different angles across a patient’s chest to produce cross-sectional images | Low specificity due to false-negative rate because of the severe consequences of missed diagnosis from other viral pneumonia caused by influenza A virus, influenza B virus, Cytomegalovirus, Adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, MERS Coronavirus, and different viral types of pneumonia as well as bacterial pneumonia. Expensive. Require technical expertise. |