Supination external rotation

1) Injury of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)

2) Oblique/spiral fracture of distal tibia

3) Injury of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL)

4) Medial malleolus fracture or injury to the deltoid ligament

Supination adduction

1) Transverse fracture of the distal fibula

2) Vertical fracture of medial malleolus

Pronation external rotation

1) Medial malleolus fracture or injury to the deltoid ligament

2) Injury of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)

3) Oblique or spiral fracture of the fibula proximal to the tibial plafond

4) Injury of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) or avulsion of the posterior malleolus

Pronation abduction

1) Medial malleolus fracture or injury to the deltoid ligament

2) Injury of anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

3) Transverse or comminuted fracture of the fibula proximal to the tibial plafond