Fixed effect model

First Difference model

Independent variables

Statistical significance

economic significance

Statistical significance

economic significance

Proximate factors

Fuel Wood supply in the prefecture

not significant

0.0004

not significant

−0.0009

Quantity of cotton produced in the prefecture

not significant

−0.08

not significant

0.05

Volume of wood allowed to cut

not significant

−1.76

not significant

−4.57

Quantity of maize produced in the prefecture

not significant

5.82

Increase

0.075

Quantity of sorghum produced in the prefecture

not significant

2.82

not significant

−0.025

Quantity of rice produced in the prefecture

not significant

3.81

not significant

0.0009

Quantity of beans produced in the prefecture

not significant

0.06

not significant

0.18

Quantity of peanut produced in the prefecture

not significant

0.61

not significant

0.06

Quantity of yam produced in the prefecture

Increase

0.03

Increase

0.023

Quantity of cassava produced in the prefecture

not significant

0.22

not significant

0.01

Underlying factors

Minimum wage

not significant

0.069

not significant

0.046

The price of cotton in Togo

not significant

−1.05

not significant

−5.33

Regional fertilizer supply in cotton production

Decrease

−1.98

Decrease

−0.25

National fertilizer cost

Increase

8.56

Increase

12.37

Regional pesticide supply in cotton production n

Increase

1.22

Increase

0.01

National pesticide cost

Increase

3.18

Increase

4.73

Fertilizer used in food production in Togo

not significant

−6.96

Significant

−0.96

Fines from illegal wood cutting

not significant

−2.72

not significant

−1.96

Socio economic factors

Regional number of cotton producers

Increase

0.08

Increase

0.05

Regional number of cotton producer associations

not significant

3.1

not significant

0.63