Changes of the pain before-after intervention

The peer group

The control group

T

P

Self-efficacy

before

91.80 ± 18.40

97.00 ± 26.00

−1.24

0.21

after

150.4 ± 24

97.20 ± 19.60

12.10

0.00

Burden of Emotion

before

2.38 ± 0.96

2.34 ± 1.25

0.14

0.89

after

1.62 ± 0.45

2.42 ± 0.93

−5.44

0.00

Pain related to Doctors

before

1.78 ± 0.69

1.97 ± 1.95

−1.25

0.21

after

2.63 ± 1.45

2.13 ± 1.02

2.65

0.00

Pain concerned with daily routine

before

3.09 ± 0.74

2.86 ± 0.66

1.51

0.13

after

1.64 ± 0.48

2.67 ± 0.56

−9.82

0.00

Pain related to interpersonal relationship

before

2.00 ± 1.17

1.87 ± 1.03

0.55

0.57

after

1.40 ± 0.54

1.88 ± 0.95

−3.09

0.00

Total rate of diabetes pain

before

80%

78%

0.06

4.244

after

52%

72%

0.806

0.039