Before tutorial

After tutorial

t-test

mean

95% CI

SD

mean

95% CI

SD

Duration of the epidural needle advancement phase (seconds)

22.6

(16.8 - 27.6)

18.5

17.4

(14.6 - 20.1)

9.4

P < 0.05

Total duration of epidural procedure (seconds)

252.0

(196.3 - 308.6)

193.4

178.5

(116.2 - 240.8)

212.2

P < 0.05

Number of additional epidural attempts (count)

2

(1-4)

1.5

0

(0-1)

1.1

P < 0.001