Name

Drug/chemical

Action mechanism

References

Lipid-lowering agents

Statins

Inhibits cholesterol synthesis hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors lowering LDL-C levels and in the prevention of CV events

[44]

Bile acid sequestrants

Colesevelam, cholestyramine

Bind bile acids in the intestine, it can limit absorption of cholesterol and other lipids, and reduce the excess amount of cholesterol

[45]

Nicotinic acid derivatives

Niacin

Niacin lowers the synthesis of VLDL-C in the liver, which lowers the generation of LDL-C. It reduces TGs and LDL-C by 15% - 20% and 30% - 40%, respectively, and raises HDL-C by 15% - 25%.

Fibrates

Gemfibrozil, fenofibrate

Agonists of peroxisome-activated receptor, TG levels by up to 50%, increase HDL-C level

[48]

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

Statins, fibrates, niacin, and ezetimibe

Arbiter of cholesterol assimilation. bile corrosive sequestration, decrease triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

[50] [51] [52]

Omega-3 fatty acid (PUFAs

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid

Cause reductions in TGs of up to 45% in patients

[53] [54] [55]

Natural anti-oxidants

Flavonoids, phenolic oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) and pterostilbene

Lipid peroxidation, decrease cellular damage and contribute cardioprotective activity, of serum LDL-cholesterol (5.6%) and TG (12.5%)

[56] - [61]