Variables^*

Random Effect Model

Ordinary Logistic Regression Model

Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE)

B coefficient

SE

OR

(95% CIs for OR)

B coefficient

SE

OR

(95% CIs for OR)

B coefficient

SE

OR

(95% CIs for OR)

Constant

−6.32

1.74

-

−5.44

1.68

-

School Level Variable

¹Public school

0.54

0.43

1.71 (0.76 - 4.26)

0.49

0.25

1.63 (1.01 - 1.50)

0.40

0.34

1.49 (0.77 - 2.91)

Individual Level Variables

Age

0.20

0.10

1.22 (1.01 - 1.53)

0.21

0.10

1.23 (1.03 - 1.53)

0.20

0.10

1.22 (1.01 - 1.64)

²Mother’ education

−0.67

0.32

0.51 (0.26 - 0.98)

−0.73

0.30

0.48 (0.26 - 0.80)

−0.61

0.26

0.54 (0.32 - 0.90)

³Parents smoking

0.58

0.26

1.78 (1.03 - 3.09)

0.44

0.23

1.55 (0.99 - 2.54)

0.52

0.24

1.68 (1.05 - 2.71)

⁴Family smoking

0.59

0.24

1.80 (1.08 - 2.97)

0.52

0.23

1.68 (1.07 - 2.66)

0.54

0.13

1.71 (1.30 - 2.72)

⁵Friend smoking

1.80

0.24

6.04 (3.63 - 10.17)

1.85

0.23

6.36 (4.05 - 10.11)

1.75

0.17

5.75 (4.0 - 8.16)

−2log likelihood = 498.4

0.61

0.31

Wald p-value = 0.049

−2log likelihood = 509.8

Working correlation matrix = 0.042