| Authors | Raw materials | Drying/firing conditions | Apparent density (g/cm3) | Water absorption (%) | Apparent porosity (%) | Firing shrinkage (%) | Flexural strength (Mpa) | Compressive strength (Mpa) |
| M. Ettoumi et al. [11] | 100% phosphate sludge | Air drying for 24 h | ~1.3 | 12.5 - 17.2 | 9 - 13 | 5.2 - 7.5 | 3.9 - 13.4 | - |
| Oven drying at 60˚C for 24 h | ||||||||
| Firing at 900˚C, 1000˚C and 1100˚C for 3 h (heating rate of 120˚C/h) | ||||||||
| Luo et al. [31] | 48% - 60% iron ore tailings | Air drying for 48 h | ||||||
| 10% shale | Oven drying at 105˚C for 24 h | |||||||
| 30% coal gangue powder | Firing at 950˚C, 1000˚C, and 1100˚C for 2 h, 2,5 h, 3 h, 3.5 h and 4 h (heating rate of 300˚C/h) | ~1.62 - 1.74 | 14 - 18 | - | - | - | 8.5 - 17.5 | |
| 0 - 12% sewage sludge | ||||||||
| Loutou et al. [32] | 100% clay by-product (red clay) from phosphate mines | Air drying for 24 h | ~1.7 - 2.6 | 3 - 17 | 7 - 22 | ~1.5 - 3.4 | 17 - 36 | |
| Oven drying at 105˚C for 24 h | ||||||||
| Firing at 900˚C, 1000˚C and 1100˚C for 2 h | ||||||||
| Taha et al. [33] | 10% - 50% treated calamine processing mine tailing | Air drying for 24 h | ~1.6 - 1.9 | 12 - 26 | 22 - 42 | 1 - 8 | 3.5 - 11.8 | |
| 5% - 15% glass waste | Oven drying at 60˚C for 24 h | |||||||
| 45% - 85% shale for brick | Firing at 900˚C, 1000˚C and 1100˚C for 5 h (heating rate of 48˚C/h) | |||||||
| Yang et al. [34] | 80% - 100% iron tailings | Air drying for 12 h | ~1.8 - 2.0 | 15.5 - 17.5 | 27 - 34 | 0.9 - 1.2 | 6 - 27 | |
| 0 - 20% fly ash | Oven drying at 35˚C for 12 h then at 105˚C for 8 h | |||||||
| Firing at 900˚C, 950˚C and 1000˚C for 2 h (heating rate of 120 C/h) | ||||||||