(a)

Molecule

Initial value

Final value

Behavior

Time (s)

fvc (m/s)

Gly

1. × 10−4

0.0025 -> 9.2 × 10−4

peak

500

0.5

Pro

1. × 10−4

0.008 -> 52. × 10−4

peak

Cys

1. × 10−4

1. × 10−4

constant

Gua

1. × 10−4

0.7 × 10−4

decreasing

Cyt

1. × 10−4

1.1 × 10−4

decreasing

Gly2

1. × 10−6

0.008 -> 1. × 10−6

peak

Gly3

1. × 10−6

0.0008 -> 4. × 10−6

peak

Pro2

1. × 10−6

1.2 × 10−5 -> 8.5 × 10−6

peak

GlyPro

1. × 10−6

1.3 × 10−5 -> >49. × 10−6

peak

Gua2

1. × 10−6

0.004 -> 36. × 10−4

peak

Gua3

1. × 10−6

0.009 -> 41. × 10−4

peak

Cyt2

1. × 10−6

3.4 × 10−4

increase

GuaCyt

1. × 10−6

15. × 10−4

increase

(b)

Typical amplification factor

amino acids (Gly, Pro, Cys)

25, 80, 1

nucleobases (Gua, Cyt)

1, 1

peptides (Gly2)

8000

PNB’s (Cyt2)

300