Best

Parameters

WOA [36]

SSA [37]

MVO [31]

GWO [26]

MFO [28]

EVPS

Ir (A)

1.0320

1.0452

1.0329

1.0324

1.0325

1.0318

Io (µA)

7.5936

4.7508

1.7849

4.6572

2.7228

3.2695

n

1.4414

1.3868

1.2833

1.3832

1.3254

1.3446

Rs (Ω)

1.0444

1.0950

1.2775

1.1354

1.2255

1.2064

Rp (Ω)

738.6218

406.5791

658.9906

820.9687

742.2522

843.7385

RMSE × 10−3

6.3860

7.6817

3.1162

3.9851

2.4842

2.4267

Worst

Ir (A)

1.3568

0.9884

1.0489

1.0960

1.0856

1.0329

Io (µA)

9.6098

8.6491

8.635

1.7016

6.0648

6.5761

n

1.5413

1.4705

1.4586

1.3057

1.4235

1.4231

Rs (Ω)

0.2965

0.1955

1.0475

0.2845

0.8900

1.1183

Rp (Ω)

23.0796

549.0804

337.8831

61.4542

118.6442

999.5245

RMSE × 10−3

141.6485

71.9332

9.0679

67.7101

24.9788

3.4707

Average

RMSE × 10−3

44.1232

28.2501

5.4726

19.0572

3.9637

2.7877