E (W/m²)

Algorithm

I_r (A)

I₀ (A)

n

R_s (Ω)

R_p (Ω)

RMSE × 10⁻³

1000

EVPS

8.9005

2.376e−07

1.3632

0.2109

6709.6

19.4628

SSA

8.9273

8.006e−07

1.5197

0.17128

4693

46.829

WAO

8.9035

5.1465e−07

1.4798

0.18597

5992.3

44.717

MVO

8.9045

1.7761e−07

1.3908

0.20437

7999.1

24.565

GWO

8.9465

3.4037e−07

1.4437

0.19151

704.46

38.846

MFO

8.9046

1.8009e−07

1.3919

0.2036

8000

24.706