Strategies

Researcher(s)

Management

concerns

Get instructions right and clear;

Create positive learning environment;

Involve students in active learning;

Reduce workload of teacher

Wu, 1993

Reward students for being present

Michelson, 2003

Run group work

Dong & Cao, 2006; Li, 2011; Peng, 2007; Song, 2009

Affective

issues

Use audio-visual aids in ELT classes

Azhar, 2004

Get to know students’ names and their needs

Dong & Cao, 2006; Hayes, 1997; Nakabugo et al, 2008; Peng, 2007; Song, 2009; Wu, 1993

Move around the classroom

Dong & Cao, 2006; Nakabugo et al, 2008

Pedagogical

problems

Personalise feedback;

Get the students to listen;

Help students create connections;

Exploit stories and examples;

Take participatory lecture;

Use of questions

Azhar, 2004

Azhar, 2004; O’Sullivan, 2006

Use two-way communication

Li & Wang, 2008; Michelson, 2003

Vary the rhythm of the class

Michelson, 2003

Multimedia technology

Peng, 2007; Song, 2009

Adopt games, competitions and role-play

Peng, 2007

Chang from teacher-centred to student-centred

Li, 2011; Ma, 2001; Song, 2009