category

feature

recognition effect

different quantization matrix

block alignment

quantified DCT coefficients

the absolute difference values of the DC-AC coefficient and the AC-AC coefficient were calculated respectively [17]

general

difference in histogram of quantization coefficient of DCT [15] [16]

good

difference in DCT coefficients before and after compression [9]

good

first significant digit [7] [17] [18]

the first significant number of DCT coefficient [14]

general

DCT coefficient low-frequency point first significant digit [17]

good

first significant digit of DCT coefficient based on Markov model [18]

excellent

block is not aligned

difference in adjacent coefficients [19]

good

percentage of JPEG coefficient [20]

good

quantization noise [42]

excellent

identical quantization matrix

disturbance threshold [21]

general

truncation error and rounding error [22]

good

convergence of block property [23] (only for jpeg-100)

good