Code | Effects on the construction industry | Mean | Std. Dev. | P-value (Sig.) | Factor loadings | Cronbach alpha |
| Construct 1: Direct costs | 0.848 | ||||
F1 | Poor work performance | 3.90 | 0.774 | 0.000 | 0.553 | 0.828 |
F3 | Low productivity | 3.94 | 0.745 | 0.000 | 0.685 | 0.805 |
F4 | High turnover | 3.85 | 0.781 | 0.000 | 0.714 | 0.829 |
F7 | Absenteeism/ Sick leave | 4.14* | 0.704 | 0.000 | 0.681 | 0.837 |
F9 | Work stoppage | 3.68 | 0.762 | 0.000 | 0.538 | 0.845 |
F11 | Medical costs | 4.00* | 0.761 | 0.000 | 0.734 | 0.790 |