Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

State normalized presidential vote

(SNPV)

0.3913**

(0.0845)

0.3791**

(0.0901)

0.4269**

(0.1009)

0.3950**

(0.0870)

0.3838**

(0.0928)

0.4355**

(0.1040)

Preclearance indicator variable

0.0151**

(0.0047)

0.0178**

(0.0052)

0.0152*

(0.0059)

0.0177**

(0.0046)

0.0210**

(0.0051)

0.0197**

(0.0054)

Bipartisan legislative indicator variable

-

-

-

−0.0008

(0.0054)

−0.0007

(0.0059)

−0.0012

(0.0058)

Judicial indicator variable

-

-

-

0.0023

(0.0035)

0.0031

(0.0038)

0.0060

(0.0036)

Independent commission indicator variable

-

-

-

−0.0132*

(0.0060)

−0.0138*

(0.0066)

−0.0172**

(0.0043)

Other commission indicator variable

-

-

-

0.0172

(0.0113)

0.0194

(0.0119)

0.0071

(0.0040)

Number of observations

2568

2344

1852

2568

2344

1852

Number of states

43

31

19

43

31

19