Rivers

Surface (Km2)

Length (Km)

Nature of Activity in the Basin

Elements released in water based on bibliography

Elements released in sediments based on bibliography

a-Ibrahim

330

30

Agricultural Land

nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [20] , Downstream contamination with nitrates [21]

Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb [21]

Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn [24]

Fe [26]

Industrial facilities [22]

Caries high concentration of Cd and Hg to the sea [23] .

Heritage Sites [25]

Residential Areas

solid effluents [25] , domestic wastewater [20]

Vehicle Exhaust Fume

High Pb deposition due to leaded petrol usage [26]

b-Kaleb

257

31

Urban Activities

Domestic and wastewater discharge

. nitrates [20]

Touristic sites

Solid wastes

Agricultural activities

nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [20]

Downstream contamination with nitrates [21]

Animal farms and quarries

organic wastewater discharge [27]

c-Beirut

217

25

Urbanization and high population [28]

domestic and wastewater discharges

Rich in Cd, Pb and Hg [30]

Industrial activities

chemical effluent, solid waste from construction material and fabrication [29]

Agricultural activities [16]

Nitrates and phosphates

Slaughterhouse wastes

organic waste

wastewater from sewer network [18]

Sewage

Hospital debris

organic wastes