Rivers | Surface (Km2) | Length (Km) | Nature of Activity in the Basin | Elements released in water based on bibliography | Elements released in sediments based on bibliography |
a-Ibrahim | 330 | 30 | Agricultural Land | nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [20] , Downstream contamination with nitrates [21] | Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb [21]
Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn [24]
Fe [26] |
Industrial facilities [22] | Caries high concentration of Cd and Hg to the sea [23] . | ||||
Heritage Sites [25] | |||||
Residential Areas | solid effluents [25] , domestic wastewater [20] | ||||
Vehicle Exhaust Fume | High Pb deposition due to leaded petrol usage [26] | ||||
b-Kaleb | 257 | 31 | Urban Activities | Domestic and wastewater discharge | . nitrates [20] |
Touristic sites | Solid wastes | ||||
Agricultural activities | nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [20] Downstream contamination with nitrates [21] | ||||
Animal farms and quarries | organic wastewater discharge [27] | ||||
c-Beirut | 217 | 25 | Urbanization and high population [28] | domestic and wastewater discharges | Rich in Cd, Pb and Hg [30] |
Industrial activities | chemical effluent, solid waste from construction material and fabrication [29] | ||||
Agricultural activities [16] | Nitrates and phosphates | ||||
Slaughterhouse wastes | organic waste | ||||
wastewater from sewer network [18] | Sewage | ||||
Hospital debris | organic wastes |