Rivers

Surface (Km2)

Length (Km)

Nature of Activity in the Basin

Elements released in water based on bibliography

Elements released in sediments based on bibliography

Ibrahim

330

30

Agricultural Land

nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [21] , Downstream contamination with nitrates [22]

Fe, Mn, Zn and Pb [22]

Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn [25]

Fe [27]

Industrial facilities [23]

Caries high concentrations of Cd and Hg to the sea [24]

Heritage Sites [26]

Residential Areas

solid effluents [26] , domestic wastewater [21]

Vehicle Exhaust Fume

High Pb deposition due to leaded petrol usage [27]

Kaleb

257

31

Urban Activities

Domestic and waste water discharge

nitrates [21]

Touristic sites

Solid wastes

Agricultural activities

nitrogenous fertilizers and chlorinated pesticides [21]

Downstream contamination with nitrates [22]

Animal farms and quarries

organic waste water discharge [28]

Beirut

217

25

Urbanization and high population [29]

domestic and wastewater discharges

Rich in Cd, Pb and Hg [32]

Industrial activities

chemical effluent, solid waste from construction material and fabrication [30]

Agricultural activities [31]

Nitrates and phosphates

Slaughterhouse wastes

organic waste

wastewater from sewer network [33]

Sewage

Hospital debris

organic wastes