Data

Location

Warning message

Type of tampered message

Short consequence

Cyber attack

May-Jun. 2014

Asheville, NC

Winston-Salem, NC

Mount Airy, NC

State of New Jersey

State of lowa

State of Wyoming

Traffic Information

Amusing/Fame

Driver distracted and confused

Physical attack

Oct. 2015

Sacramento, CA

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing/Offensive

Driver distracted

Sept. 2015

Mililani, HI

Work Zone Ahead

Offensive

Driver confusion

July 2015

Tucson, AZ

Road Closure

Amusing

Driver double-take

Jan. 2015

Los Angeles, CA

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing/Offensive

Driver distracted

Feb. 2014

Granite Bay, CA

Work Zone Ahead

Offensive

Driver distracted

Nov. 2012

Loomis, CA

Road Closure

Amusing

Driver distracted

Oct. 2012

Portland, ME

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver worried and distracted

Aug. 2011

Flagstaff, AZ

Traffic Information— No left turn at the intersection

Amusing

Driver confusion

May 2011

Falls Church, VA

Warning message for bicyclists and hikers

Amusing

Driver distracted

May 2010

Miami, FL

Work Zone Ahead

Offensive

Driver distracted

Dec. 2009

Gainesville, FL

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver distracted

Mar. 2009

New York, NY

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver distracted

Feb. 2009

Hamilton County, IN

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver confusion

Feb. 2009

Collinsville, IL

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver distracted

Feb. 2009

Austin

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Destabilized traffic norm

Jan. 2009

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver distracted and confused

Apr. 2007

Work Zone Ahead

Amusing

Driver distracted