Null Hypothesis

F-Statistic

Probability

Results

L does not Granger cause GDP

3.1567

0.017

Reject

GDP does not Granger cause L

1.0315

0.398

Do not reject

L does not Granger cause K

7.6532

0.005

Reject

K does not Granger cause L

1.0154

0.567

Do not reject

E does not Granger cause K

2.9715

0.074

Do not reject

K does not Granger cause E

4.8952

0.001

Reject

E does not Granger cause L

3.9745

0.003

Reject

L does not Granger cause E

0.9564

0.326

Do not reject

K does not Granger cause GDP

4.8956

0.024

Reject

GDP does not Granger cause K

1.1946

0.573

Do not reject

E does not Granger cause GDP

1.3457

0.372

Do not reject

GDP does not Granger cause E

4.4294

0.007

Reject