Parameter

Value

Revolution speed (rpm)

350

Rotational speed (rpm)

700

Density of vial and balls (kg/m³)

7700

Density of powder (kg/m³)

4000

Poisson’s ratio of vial and balls

0.27

Poisson’s ratio of powder

0.3

Young’s modulus of vial and balls (Pa)

1.8 × 10¹¹

Young’s modulus of powder (Pa)

1 × 10⁷

Restitution coefficient of ball-ball and ball-vial

0.75

Restitution coefficient of powder-powder

0.3

Restitution coefficient of powder-ball and powder-vial

0.5

Static friction coefficient of ball-ball and ball-vial

0.5

Static friction coefficient of powder-powder

0.7

Static friction coefficient of powder-ball and powder-vial

0.7

Rolling friction coefficient of ball-ball and ball-vial

0.01

Rolling friction coefficient of powder-powder

0.15

Rolling friction coefficient of powder-ball and powder-vial

0.15

Time step (s)

1.01 × 10⁻⁴