Item Description

aged 65 years or below (Group A) (N = 45)

early-stage elderly individuals (Group B) (N = 52)

late-stage elderly individuals aged 75 years or over (Group C) (N = 53)

1) I have decided the number of cigarettes to smoke in a day.

2.67 ± 1.0

2.60 ± 1.07

2.63 ± 1.01

2) I try to create an environment and use a device that will help me refrain from smoking excessively.

2.67 ± 1.11

2.50 ± 1.08

2.58 ± 1.07

3) When I want to smoke, I try to repress this urge by doing other actions as a substitute such as stretching and light exercise.

1.89 ± 1.05

1.89 ± 1.05

1.80 ± 1.03

Total score

7.23 ± 3.16

6.99 ± 3.2

7.01 ± 3.11