Item Description

aged 65 years or below (Group A) (N = 45)

early-stage elderly individuals (Group B) (N = 52)

late-stage elderly individuals aged 75 years or over (Group C) (N = 53)

1) I engage in moderate whole body exercise such as swinging arms and moving legs widely while taking a walk, walking quickly, exercise in the pool, swimming, cycling, calisthenics to the radio, and rhythmic exercise.

2.69 ± 0.94

2.69 ± 1.17

2.67 ± 1.23

2) I measure my pulse during exercise and see if the exercise is putting a heavy burden on the body.

1.67 ± 0.97

1.79 ± 1.03

1.48 ± 0.85

3) I feel refreshed after exercise.

2.80 ± 0.89

2.90 ± 1.05

2.85 ± 1.17

4) I exercise indoors when the weather is bad.

1.66 ± 0.83

1.92 ± 1.04

2.04 ± 1.23

5) I try not to rely too much on vehicles like cars and walk instead.

2.42 ± 0.98

2.85 ± 1.09

2.58 ± 1.20

6) I drink water during and after exercise.

3.40 ± 0.75

3.50 ± 0.85

3.52 ± 0.87

7) I try to exercise regularly.

2.31 ± 0.94

2.60 ± 1.01

2.87 ± 1.14

8) I try to get information about exercise treatment.

2.09 ± 0.99

2.46 ± 1.09

2.60 ± 1.21

Total score

19.2 ± 4.55

20.7 ± 5.79

20.7 ± 6.07