medication

No

2.13 ± 1.09

(0.402)

1.79 ± 1.01

(0.415)

2.46 ± 1.33

(0.451)

Health status

Yes

2.48 ± 1.33

1.51

2.10 ± 1.26

1.27

2.85 ± 1.57

1.37

hearing loss

No

2.14 ± 1.08

(0.131)

1.80 ± 1.02

(0.209)

2.47 ± 1.32

(0.170)

vision problem

Yes

2.73 ± 1.59

1.51

2.50 ± 1.44

2.04

2.95 ± 1.91

0.98

No

2.14 ± 1.06

(0.146)

1.78 ± 1.00

(0.055)

2.50 ± 1.30

(0.336)

Physiological need states

Quality of sleep

High

2.17 ± 1.08

3.50

1.80 ± 0.94

2.69

2.53 ± 1.45

3.33

Middle

2.05 ± 0.98

(0.032)

1.74 ± 0.94

(0.071)

2.35 ± 1.18

(0.038)

Low

2.63 ± 1.45

2.21 ± 1.41

3.04 ± 1.64

Psychosocial environment

Family visiting

Yes

2.21 ± 1.16

0.07

1.84 ± 1.09

−0.55

2.56 ± 1.40

0.58

(per month)

No

2.18 ± 0.91

(0.941)

2.01 ± 0.80

(0.583)

2.34 ± 1.10

(0.582)

Total number of visits(per month)

0 - 3

2.28 ± 1.17

1.26

1.94 ± 1.10

1.41

2.62 ± 1.41

0.98

≥4

2.05 ± 1.07

(0.209)

1.69 ± 0.99

(0.159)

2.40 ± 1.31

(0.327)

Pre-illness family

Good

2.22 ± 1.26

0.21

1.83 ± 1.13

0.23

2.61 ± 1.55

0.29

relationship

Fair

1.96 ± 0.71

(0.886)

1.70 ± 0.54

(0.869)

2.20 ± 1.02

(0.833)

Bad

2.21 ± 1.02

1.86 ± 0.99

2.55 ± 1.25

Not Known

2.27 ± 1.31

2.00 ± 1.30

2.53 ± 1.44