Seiden et al., (2014), USA

I: video distraction (tablet based interactive distraction) (n = 57)

C: premedication with oral midazolam (n = 51)

mYPAS and PAED

Baseline: at the holding area

P1: parental separation

P2: during anesthesia induction

P1: compared with children in C group children in I group revealed significantly lower anxiety increment from the baseline to parental separation.

P2: for children from 2 - 11 years, children in the I group revealed significantly lower anxiety increment from the baseline to anesthesia induction when compared to children in the C group. However, for all children (1 - 11 years) there was no significant difference in the anxiety increment between the two groups.

Emergence delirium was measured; children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower absolute emergence delirium score than children in the control group. However, when it was measured as a cutoff point score there were no significant difference in the emergence delirium between the two groups.

Kim et al., (2015), South Korea

I: video distraction (film) (n = 39)

C1: parental presence (n = 39) during anesthesia induction

C2: video distraction and parental presence (n = 39)

mYPAS

ICC

Baseline at the holding area

P1: on the entrance to the operating room

P2: during anesthesia induction

The children baseline anxiety did not differ significantly among the three groups.

The difference between the baseline anesthesia induction anxiety level was not different among the three groups.

Nevertheless, the children in the video distraction group revealed significantly lower level of anxiety than children in the remaining groups at both P1 and P2.

The anesthesia induction compliance was measured; children in the video group demonstrated significantly higher level of compliance than children in the remaining groups.

Sola et al., (2017), France

I: video distraction (DVD video) (n = 45)

C1: premedication with oral midazolam (n = 45)

C2: combined premedication and video distraction (n = 45)

mYPAS; VAS; PAED

Baseline upon the arrival to the hospital

P: just after the separation from parents.

The children baseline anxiety did not differ significantly among the three groups.

The change in the children level of anxiety from the baseline to parental separation did not differ significantly among the three groups.

The children in the three group did not reveal a significant increment in their anxiety level from the baseline to separation.

Emergence delirium was measured; The children in the three groups did not differ significantly in the occurrence of emergence delirium.

Marechal et al., (2017); France

I: video distraction (tablet game apps)

(n = 60)

C: premedication with oral midazolam

mYPAS

Baseline upon the arrival to the ambulatory surgery ward

P1: upon the separation from the parents

P2: during anesthesia induction

The children level of anxiety did not differ significantly between the two groups at both P1 and P2.

NM