Study (author, year), country

Intervention vs. comparison group

Scale(s)

Follow up measurement(s)

Results

Primary outcome:

preoperative anxiety

Secondary outcomes: anesthesia induction compliance and emergence delirium

Patel et al., (2006), USA

I: video distraction(hand held video game) and parental presence (n = 38)

C2: premedication with midazolam and parental presence (n = 38)

C: parental presence (n = 36)

mYPAS

Baseline upon the admission to ambulatory surgery unit P1: during anesthesia induction

The children in midazolam group and in the control group experienced a significant increase in their anxiety level from the baseline to anesthesia induction. But children in the video game did not demonstrate a significant increase in their level of anxiety from the baseline to anesthesia induction.

NM

Lee et al., (2012), South Korea

I: video distraction (cartoon) (n = 42)

C1: playing with toy (n = 40)

C2: control; standard care (n = 44)

mYPAS and parents recorded VAS

Base line one night before surgery

P1: In the holding area

P2: just before anesthesia induction

No significant difference in the children level of anxiety at the baseline among the three group.

At P1: Children who played with toy reviled significantly lower level of anxiety than children in the both groups.

At P2: the children in the video distraction group had lower level of anxiety that the children in the remaining groups.

the level of anxiety have significantly decreased between P1 and P2 for children in video distraction group while it have significantly increased for children in control and toy groups

NM

Mifflin et al., (2012), USA

I: video distraction (film) (n = 42)

C: control; usual distraction (47)

mYPAS

Base line at the holding area

P: during induction

The children did not differ significantly at the baseline. But The children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower level of anxiety than children in the control group at the time of anesthesia induction.

NM

Kerimoglu et al., (2013), USA

I:video distraction (watching film) (n = 32)

C1: premedication with midazolam (n = 32)

C2: combined video game and premedication with midazolam (n = 32)

mYPAS

Baseline before the intervention

P1: at the time of transfer to OR

P2: 20 minutes after transfer to OR

P3: during anesthesia induction

There were no significant difference in the level of anxiety among the three groups at P1, P2 and P3.

The difference in the anxiety level between the baseline and the induction time was not significantly different among the three groups. But compared with the other groups, children in the video distraction group demonstrated non-significant increment in the anxiety level from P1 to P3.

NM.