DSM-IV PTSD symptoms

Model

DSM-IV

King et al. [24] ^a

Elhai et al. [25]

1^b

2^b

3b^b

Dysphoria^b

Rasmussen et al. [26] ^c

B1. Recurrent thoughts or memories of the most hurtful or terrifying events.

R

R

R

P

R, A

R, A

R

AI

B2. Recurrent nightmares.

R

R

R

P

R, A

R, A

R

AI

B3. Feeling as though the event is happening again.

R

R

R

P

R, A

R, A

R

AI

B4. Sudden emotional reaction when reminded of the most hurtful or traumatic events.

R

R

R

P

R, A

R, A

R

AI

B5. Sudden physical reaction when

reminded of the most hurtful or traumatic events.

R

R

R

P

R, A

R, A

R

AI

C1. Avoiding activities that remind you of the traumatic or hurtful event.

A/N

A

A

P

R, A

R, A

A

A

C2. Avoiding thoughts or feelings associated with the traumatic or hurtful event.

A/N

A

A

P

R, A

R, A

A

A

C3. Inability to remember parts of the most traumatic or hurtful events.

A/N

N

N

P

R, A

N

D

N

C4. Less interest in daily activities.

A/N

N

N

P

H, N

N

D

N

C5. Feeling detached or withdrawn from people.

A/N

N

N

P

H, N

N

D

N

C6. Unable to feel emotions.

A/N

N

N

P

H, N

N

D

N

C7. Feeling as if you don’t have a future.

A/N

N

N

P

H, N

N

D

N

D1. Trouble sleeping.

H

H

DA

P

H, N

H

D

AI

D2. Feeling irritable or having outbursts of anger.

H

H

DA

P

H, N

H

D

H

D3. Difficulty concentrating.

H

H

DA

P

H, N

H

D

AI

D4. Feeling on guard.

H

H

AA

P

H, N

H

H

H

D5. Feeling jumpy, easily startled.

H

H

AA

P

H, N

H

H

H