Study (timing of outcome measurement post baseline measurement) | WHOQoL | CANSAS | EQ-5D | UCLA 3-item Loneliness Scale | K10 | HADS | WEMWBS | SWEMWBS | PAM | RCFS | MWM-OA | ULS-8 | Campaign to End Loneliness Measurement Tool |
Aggar 2019 [20] (6 months) | Significant improvement in overall health satisfaction, physical and psychological QoL | Slight increases but no significant changes in met and unmet health and welfare needs | Significant improvement in self-reported health status | Slight declines but no significant changes in self-rated loneliness | No significant changes in distress |
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Carnes 2017 [21] (8 months) |
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| No significant changes in depression or anxiety |
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Elston 2019 [22] (3 months) |
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| Significant improvement in well-being |
| Significant improvement in patient activation | Significant improvement in frailty |
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Giebel 2021 [23] (3 and 6 months) |
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| Significant improvement in well-being |
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Pescheny 2019 [24] (not stated) |
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Thomson 2017 [25] (mid and post intervention: 5 and 10 weeks) |
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| Significant improvement in self-rated emotions |
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Wakefield 2020 [26] (4 and 6 - 9 months) |
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| Significant increase in self-reported QoL. Number of group memberships (1-item from Hayward et al., 2014) had non-significant, positive effect onQoL |
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| Social support (4-item scale from Haslam et al., 2005) was a negative, non-significant predictor of loneliness |
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Woodall 2018 (not stated) [27] |
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| Significant decrease in anxiety and depression |
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| Significant improvement in well-being |
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| Significant improvement in relationships and social networks |