| Care providers | Empty-nest group (%) | Non-empty-nest group (%) | ||||
| Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
| Spouse | 182 (38.3) | 132 (51.1) | 50 (21.1) | 96 (8.0) | 61 (18.0) | 25 (3.0) |
| Son | 88 (17.9) | 49 (19.1) | 39 (16.5) | 478 (39.7) | 164 (45.1) | 314 (37.3) |
| Daughter-in-law | 38 (7.7) | 11 (4.5) | 28 (12.0) | 271 (22.5) | 41 (11.3) | 230 (27.3) |
| Daughter | 66 (13.2) | 23 (9.0) | 44 (18.8) | 184 (15.3) | 41 (11.3) | 143 (17.0) |
| Son-in-law | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.6) | 4 (1.1) | 3 (0.4) |
| Sons and daughters | 35 (7.1) | 8 (3.4) | 28 (12.0) | 78 (6.5) | 27 (7.4) | 51 (6.1) |
| Grandchildren | 5 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.8) | 73 (6.1) | 14 (3.9) | 59 (7.0) |
| Other relatives | 6 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (2.3) | 11 (0.9) | 3 (0.7) | 8 (0.9) |
| Friends neighborhood | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (1.1) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (0.9) |
| Social services | 30 (6.1) | 13 (5.1) | 17 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Nanny | 32 (6.4) | 11 (4.5) | 21 (9.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| No help | 3 (0.6) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.09) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) |