Characteristics

n (%)

Functional HL

Communicative HL

Critical HL

Mean

Preventive Lifestyle

Mean score(SD)

Mean score(SD)

Mean score(SD)

Mean score(SD)

Gender

Male

350 (47)

14.4 (2.7)

17.6 (3.7)

14.3 (3.0)

6.9 (1.5)

Female

393 (53)

14.0 (2.7)

18.2 (3.4)

14.9 (2.8)

7.6 (1.2)

P value

10.995

10.360

10.018

1<0.001

Age group

Young adults (18 - 25)

191 (26)

14.4 (2.8)

17.7 (3.8)

14.3 (3.2)

7.4 (1.4)

Adulthood (26 - 40)

282 (38)

14.1 (2.6)

17.8 (3.5)

14.6 (2.8)

7.32 (1.4)

Middle age (40 - 60)

212 (29)

14.1 (2.7)

18.1 (3.6)

14.8 (2.9)

7.1 (1.4)

Old age (>60)

58 (8)

14.4 (3.0)

18.3 (2.7)

15.0 (2.5)

7.2 (1.5)

P value

20.899

20.104

20.011

20.109

Marital status

Married

469 (63)

14.4 (2.8)

18.2 (3.3)

14.7 (2.8)

7.3 (1.4)

Not married

245 (33)

13.6 (2.4)

17.4 (3.9)

14.5 (3.0)

7.3 (1.4)

Divorced

29 (4)

14.5 (2.7)

18.1 (3.7)

14.3 (3.4)

6.8 (1.5)

P value

20.001

20.011

20.587

20.182

Ethnic groups

Malay

150 (20.2)

15.2 (2.91)

19.0 (3.14)

15.6 (2.4)

7.4 (1.3)

Iban

149 (20.1)

14.1 (2.47)

18.1 (3.51)

14.9 (2.74)

7.2 (1.4)

Chinese

175 (23.6)

14.0 (2.44)

18.4 (3.17)

15.0 (3.00)

7.4 (1.3)

Other Native groups

269 (36.2)

13.8 (2.79)

16.8 (3.75)

13.7 (2.94)

7.1 (1.6)

2<0.001

2<0.001

2<0.001

20.025

Employment status

Employed

350 (47.1)

14.1 (2.65)

18.1 (3.6)

14.9 (2.9)

7.1 (1.5)

Self employed

167 (22.5)

14.5 (2.78)

18.0 (3.1)

14.8 (2.6)

7.2 (1.3)

Unemployed

226 (30.4)

14.2 (2.77)

17.5 (3.8)

14.1 (3.1)

7.6 (1.2)

20.300

20.186

20.003

20.009

Education level

No formal education

63 (9)

15.5 (2.9)

17.6 (3.4)

13.7 (3.2)

6.8 (1.6)

Primary education

126 (17)

15.1 (2.9)

17.7 (3.4)

14.3 (2.9)

7.3 (1.4)

Secondary education

405 (55)

13.9 (2.7)

18.1 (3.7)

14.8 (2.8)

7.3 (1.4)

Tertiary education

149 (20)

13.5 (2.3)

17.8 (3.4)

14.9 (3.1)

7.3 (1.4)