Wei, 2012 | RCT | 52(22/30) Patients with Type 2 diabetes | 56.0 ± 7.2 | T (26) Routine drug treatment (26) | Six 60-minute Taiji softball sessions for 12 weeks | Primary outcomes (handgrip strength, p < 0.01; flexibility using sit-and-reach test, p < 0.01) Secondary outcomes (p < 0.01; resting heart rate, p < 0.01; systolic and diastolic pressures, p < 0.05) Additional outcomes (BMI, BMI, p < 0.01; pulmonary function index, p < 0.05; waist-to-hip ratio) |
Xiao et al., 2015 | RCT | 32 Patients with Type 2 diabetes Mellitus | Mean age 65.5 | T (16) No intervention (16) | Three 60-to-120 minute Taiji softball sessions per week for three months | Primary outcomes (static and dynamic balance using Berg balance scale, p = 0.008 and Timed Up-and-Go, p = 0.02; Handgrip strength, p = 0.03; flexibility using chair sit-and-reach, p = 0.009) Secondary outcomes (Time Up-and-Go, p = 0.02; 6-minute walk test) Additional outcome (right shoulder mobility using back scratch test, p = 0.046 |
Xiao, 2014 | RCT | 72 (unclear) Healthy community dwellers | 65.4 ± 6.9 | T (36) Other exercise program (36) | Three 60-to-120 minute Taiji softball sessions per week for 12 months | Primary outcomes (unipedal and tandem stance, p = 0.009; Time Up-and-Go, p = 0.03) |
Yao, 2008 | RCT | 41 (41/0) Healthy older adults | 64.2 ± 3.58 (T) 65.4 ± 3.60 (C) | T (21) C (20) no training | Five 60-minute Taiji softball sessions per week for 6 months | Primary outcome (Stork balance test, p < 0.05) |
Zhang et al., 2012 | NOT | 19(19/0) Patients with arteriosclerosis | 57.4 ± 3.78 (T) | T (19) | Seven 30-minute Taiji softball sessions for 24 weeks | Primary outcomes (handgrip strength test, p < 0.05; sit-and-reach test for flexibility, p < 0.05; stock balance test, p < 0.05) Additional outcomes (supine leg raise test for leg strength, p < 0.05; shoulder mobility using back scratch test, p < 0.05; hip flexibility, p < 0.05; agility T- test, p < 0.01) |