Males (n = 87)

Females (n = 53)

p*

Wakayama Smartphone-Dependence Scale (WSDS)

Subscale 1

5.2 ± 3.1

4.9 ± 2.9

0.52

Subscale 2

9.7 ± 3.8

11.0 ± 4.0

0.07

Subscale 3

13.2 ± 3.8

13.8 ± 3.7

0.36

Total

28.2 ± 8.6

29.7 ± 8.4

0.32