Smartphone dependence | FC1 | FC2 | FC3 | FC4 | FC5 |
I feel anxious when I forget to take my smartphone with me or when I am not able to use my smartphone | 0.595 | 0.282 | 0.120 | 0.320 | 0.053 |
I feel impatient and restless when my smartphone is unavailable | 0.567 | 0.112 | 0.366 | 0.382 | 0.151 |
I feel pleasant or excited while using a smartphone | 0.411 | 0.289 | 0.275 | 0.048 | −0.045 |
My smartphone is on my mind even when I am not using it | 0.484 | 0.254 | 0.312 | 0.119 | 0.185 |
I would not be able to tolerate not having a smartphone | 0.687 | 0.333 | 0.063 | 0.058 | 0.014 |
I feel anxious when I have not prepared my charging pack or battery for my smartphone | 0.483 | 0.057 | 0.192 | 0.085 | 0.101 |
I use my smartphone while walking | 0.465 | 0.156 | −0.001 | 0.026 | 0.195 |
I am able to get rid of stress by using a smartphone | 0.483 | 0.313 | 0.254 | −0.009 | −0.055 |
I don’t really want to go to places where smartphone signals are weak | 0.637 | 0.076 | 0.202 | 0.250 | 0.033 |
It would be painful if I was not allowed to use a smartphone | 0.692 | 0.380 | 0.123 | 0.061 | −0.013 |
My smartphone use has increased | 0.029 | 0.625 | 0.042 | 0.057 | 0.145 |
I have missed planned work due to smartphone use | 0.250 | 0.518 | 0.225 | 0.299 | 0.110 |
I involuntarily touch my smartphone | 0.305 | 0.579 | −0.032 | 0.075 | 0.070 |
I have reduced my study, work or hobby time due to smartphone use | 0.213 | 0.611 | 0.194 | 0.214 | 0.250 |
I use my smartphone for longer periods than I hadintended | 0.270 | 0.584 | − 0.003 | 0.056 | 0.107 |
I need to spend an increasing amount of time using my smartphone to achieve the same satisfaction as before | 0.161 | 0.615 | 0.358 | 0.068 | 0.092 |
I have tried to shorten my smartphone use time, but always fail | 0.392 | 0.609 | 0.179 | 0.180 | 0.069 |
Spending a lot of time on my smartphone has become a habit | 0.339 | 0.523 | 0.287 | 0.054 | 0.018 |
I feel that my communication with my smartphone is more enjoyable than conversations with my real-life people | 0.117 | 0.203 | 0.642 | 0.031 | 0.116 |
It is difficult to communicate with other people without using a smartphone for that | 0.259 | 0.198 | 0.471 | −0.036 | 0.112 |
I prefer to use my smartphone over spending time with my family or friends | 0.200 | 0.024 | 0.605 | −0.068 | 0.140 |
My cyber communications with my smartphone are more frequent than my relationships with my real-life people | 0.123 | 0.108 | 0.536 | 0.196 | 0.107 |
I feel that my relationships with my smartphone friends are more intimate than relationships with my real-life friends | 0.079 | 0.006 | 0.538 | 0.060 | −0.041 |
I express my true feelings better via email or SNS (Line, Twitter, etc.) than by telephone or talking face-to-face | 0.063 | 0.092 | 0.623 | 0.161 | −0.016 |
I have a difficult time concentrating in class while studying due to smartphone use | 0.220 | 0.238 | 0.219 | 0.752 | 0.133 |
I use my smartphone while studying in class, except when it is necessary | 0.171 | 0.132 | 0.037 | 0.654 | 0.118 |