Study population (n = 95)

Vitamin D insufficient (n = 44)

Vitamin D sufficient (n = 51)

P value

Vitamin D levels (ng/ml) (Mean ± SD)^a

30.71 ± 8.78

23.25 ± 4.44

37.14 ± 6.08

0.000

Age (years) (Mean ± SD)^a

62.96 ± 6.45

63.25 ± 7.73)

62.71 ± 5.16

0.693

Male gender (N (%))^b

43 (45.3)

18 (40.9)

25 (49.0)

0.279

Ethnicity (N (%))^b

Hispanic

White Caucasian

African-American

Other

43 (45.3)

33 (34.7)

15 (15.8)

4 (4.2)

27 (61.4)

9 (20.5)

5 11.4)

3 (6.8)

16 (31.4)

24 (47.1)

10 (19.6)

1 (2.0)

0.008*

Number of diseases or conditions (Mean ± SD)^a

4.73 ± 3.05

4.25 ± 3.02

5.14 ± 3.04

0.158

Participants reporting prescription medication use (N (%))^b

71 (74.7)

28 (63.6)

43 (84.3)

0.021*

Number of prescription medications (Mean ± SD)^a

2.27 ± 2.21

1.75 ± 2.03

2.73 ± 2.28

0.031*

Participants reporting OTC medication use (N (%))^b

76.0 (80.0)

33 (75.0)

43 (84.3)

0.258

Number of OTC medications (Mean ± SD)^a

1.47 ± 1.12

1.30 ± 1.17

1.63 ± 1.06

0.150

Caffeine consumers (N (%))^b

75 (78.9)

33 (75.0)

42 (82.4)

0.381

Cups of caffeinated coffee or caffeine containing beverages per day (Mean ± SD)^a

1.64 ± 1.38

1.34 ± 1.08

1.90 ± 1.56

0.050

Alcoholic drinks per week (Mean ± SD)^a

2.11 ± 3.70

1.82 ± 3.51

2.35 ± 3.87

0.486

Smokers (N (%))^b

11.0 (11.6)

5 (11.4)

6 (11.8)

0.951