| Study population (n = 95) | Vitamin D insufficient (n = 44) | Vitamin D sufficient (n = 51) | P value |
Vitamin D levels (ng/ml) (Mean ± SD)a | 30.71 ± 8.78 | 23.25 ± 4.44 | 37.14 ± 6.08 | 0.000 |
Age (years) (Mean ± SD)a | 62.96 ± 6.45 | 63.25 ± 7.73) | 62.71 ± 5.16 | 0.693 |
Male gender (N (%))b | 43 (45.3) | 18 (40.9) | 25 (49.0) | 0.279 |
Ethnicity (N (%))b Hispanic White Caucasian African-American Other |
43 (45.3) 33 (34.7) 15 (15.8) 4 (4.2) |
27 (61.4) 9 (20.5) 5 11.4) 3 (6.8) |
16 (31.4) 24 (47.1) 10 (19.6) 1 (2.0) |
0.008* |
Number of diseases or conditions (Mean ± SD)a | 4.73 ± 3.05 | 4.25 ± 3.02 | 5.14 ± 3.04 | 0.158 |
Participants reporting prescription medication use (N (%))b | 71 (74.7) | 28 (63.6) | 43 (84.3) | 0.021* |
Number of prescription medications (Mean ± SD)a | 2.27 ± 2.21 | 1.75 ± 2.03 | 2.73 ± 2.28 | 0.031* |
Participants reporting OTC medication use (N (%))b | 76.0 (80.0) | 33 (75.0) | 43 (84.3) | 0.258 |
Number of OTC medications (Mean ± SD)a | 1.47 ± 1.12 | 1.30 ± 1.17 | 1.63 ± 1.06 | 0.150 |
Caffeine consumers (N (%))b | 75 (78.9) | 33 (75.0) | 42 (82.4) | 0.381 |
Cups of caffeinated coffee or caffeine containing beverages per day (Mean ± SD)a | 1.64 ± 1.38 | 1.34 ± 1.08 | 1.90 ± 1.56 | 0.050 |
Alcoholic drinks per week (Mean ± SD)a | 2.11 ± 3.70 | 1.82 ± 3.51 | 2.35 ± 3.87 | 0.486 |
Smokers (N (%))b | 11.0 (11.6) | 5 (11.4) | 6 (11.8) | 0.951 |