Option

Technique

Suitable Candidate

Semen cryoprservation

Ejaculation

Adult/adolescent males capable of ejaculateion

Urine analysis post ejaculation

Retrograde ejaculation cases

Electroejaculation/penile vibratory stimulation

Adolescent or adult males unable to ejaculate

PESA

Obstructive azoospermia

Testicular tissue cryopreservation

TESE or micro-TESE

Failure to find sperm in the ejaculate or PESA or for prepubertal boys

Testicular protection or transposition

Lead covers or surgery

If therapy is irradiation only