Antenatal Care

Institutional Delivery

Postnatal Care

Covariates

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Socio-cultural determinants:

Maternal age

12 - 19 years

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

20+ years

0.187

(−0.429, 0.819)

0.368

(−0.003, 0.745)

0.0145

(−0.343, 0.372)

Maternal education

Uneducated

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Educated

0.7299

(0.097, 1.352)

1.362

(0.980, 1.749)

0.474

(0.083, 0.866)

Maternal marital status

Single

1 (reference)

1 (re1ference)

1 (reference)

Married

0.459

(−0.305, 1.155)

−0.761

(−1.418, −0.180)

−0.387

(−0.874, 0.085)

Maternal occupation

Unemployed

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Employed

0.505

(−0.293, 1.223)

−0.806

(−1.488, −0.207)

−0.115

(−0.616, 0.377)

Maternal ethnic group

Akan

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Non-Akan

−0.149

(−0.764, 0.473)

−0.638

(−1.011, −0.269)

0.112

(−0.248, 0.473)

Maternal religion

Christian

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Non-Christian

−0.045

(−0.714, 0.686)

−0.276

(−0.673, 0.132)

0.022

(−0.384, 0.431)

Maternal husband’s education

Uneducated

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Educated

0.827

(0.117, 1.512)

0.751

(0.331, 1.165)

−0.044

(−0.491, 0.399)

Parity

1 - 4 children

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

>5 children

−1.024

(−1.649, −0.398)

−0.977

(−1.358, −0.596)

−0.163

(−0.560, 0.236)

Socio-economic determinants:

Maternal wealth

Poor

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Average

0.519

(−0.239, 1.390)

1.322

(0.798, 1.901)

0.029

(−0.414, 0.476)

Rich

1.383

(0.328, 2.824)

3.339

(2.171, 5.150)

0.113

(−0.359, 0.591)

Maternal health insurance

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

0.346

(−0.348, 0.997)

0.480

(0.071, 0.881)

0.208

(−0.204, 0.619)

Geographical location

Urban

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Rural

−0.846

(−1.595, −0.171)

−1.522

(−2.005, 1.073)

−0.393

(−0.761, −0.029)