| Antenatal Care | Institutional Delivery | Postnatal Care | ||||
Covariates | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
Socio-cultural determinants: | |||||||
Maternal age |
|
| |||||
12 - 19 years | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
20+ years | 0.187 | (−0.429, 0.819) | 0.368 | (−0.003, 0.745) | 0.0145 | (−0.343, 0.372) | |
Maternal education |
|
| |||||
Uneducated | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Educated | 0.7299 | (0.097, 1.352) | 1.362 | (0.980, 1.749) | 0.474 | (0.083, 0.866) | |
Maternal marital status |
|
| |||||
Single | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (re1ference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Married | 0.459 | (−0.305, 1.155) | −0.761 | (−1.418, −0.180) | −0.387 | (−0.874, 0.085) | |
Maternal occupation |
|
| |||||
Unemployed | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Employed | 0.505 | (−0.293, 1.223) | −0.806 | (−1.488, −0.207) | −0.115 | (−0.616, 0.377) | |
Maternal ethnic group |
|
| |||||
Akan | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Non-Akan | −0.149 | (−0.764, 0.473) | −0.638 | (−1.011, −0.269) | 0.112 | (−0.248, 0.473) | |
Maternal religion |
|
| |||||
Christian | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Non-Christian | −0.045 | (−0.714, 0.686) | −0.276 | (−0.673, 0.132) | 0.022 | (−0.384, 0.431) | |
Maternal husband’s education |
|
| |||||
Uneducated | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Educated | 0.827 | (0.117, 1.512) | 0.751 | (0.331, 1.165) | −0.044 | (−0.491, 0.399) | |
Parity |
|
| |||||
1 - 4 children | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
>5 children | −1.024 | (−1.649, −0.398) | −0.977 | (−1.358, −0.596) | −0.163 | (−0.560, 0.236) | |
Socio-economic determinants: | |||||||
Maternal wealth |
|
| |||||
Poor | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Average | 0.519 | (−0.239, 1.390) | 1.322 | (0.798, 1.901) | 0.029 | (−0.414, 0.476) | |
Rich | 1.383 | (0.328, 2.824) | 3.339 | (2.171, 5.150) | 0.113 | (−0.359, 0.591) | |
Maternal health insurance |
|
| |||||
No | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Yes | 0.346 | (−0.348, 0.997) | 0.480 | (0.071, 0.881) | 0.208 | (−0.204, 0.619) | |
Geographical location |
|
| |||||
Urban | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| |
Rural | −0.846 | (−1.595, −0.171) | −1.522 | (−2.005, 1.073) | −0.393 | (−0.761, −0.029) | |