Antenatal Care

Institutional Delivery

Postnatal Care

Covariates

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Odds Ratio

95% CI

Socio-cultural determinants:

Maternal age

12 - 19 years

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

20+ years

0.852

(0.423, 1.718)

1.286

(0.855, 1.941)

1.052

(0.714, 1.549)

Maternal education

Uneducated

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Educated

1.762

(0.744, 4.187)

3.171

(1.929, 5.257)

1.849

(1.109, 3.119)

Maternal marital status

Single

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Married

1.693

(0.446, 5.075)

0.527

(0.171, 1.329)

0.679

(0.302, 1.461)

Maternal occupation

Unemployed

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Employed

2.003

(0.624, 5.499)

0.509

(0.213, 1.077)

0.754

(0.405, 1.380)

Maternal ethnic group

Akan

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Non-Akan

1.069

(0.498, 2.318)

0.823

(0.526, 1.295)

1.373

(0.892, 2.126)

Maternal religion

Christian

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Non-Christian

1.494

(0.671, 3.554)

1.214

(0.762, 1.958)

1.033

(0.646, 1.656)

Maternal husband’s education

Uneducated

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Educated

1.674

(0.713, 3.925)

0.944

(0.561, 1.576)

0.753

(0.436, 1.287)

Parity

1 - 4 children

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

>5 children

0.374

(0.173, 0.796)

0.609

(0.395, 0.940)

1.032

(0.659, 1.621)

Socio-economic determinants:

Maternal wealth

Poor

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Average

1.372

(0.593, 3.510)

2.821

(1.595, 5.233)

0.781

(0.471, 1.288)

Rich

2.776

(0.777, 13.213)

16.877

(4.816, 18.124)

0.703

(0.382, 1.286)

Maternal health insurance

No

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Yes

1.197

(0.592, 2.319)

1.197

(0.779, 1.825)

1.198

(0.787, 1.823)

Geographical location

Urban

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Rural

0.653

(0.268, 1.474)

0.539

(0.312, 0.908)

0.569

(0.350, 0.913)